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<title>Scholarship @ Claremont</title>
<copyright>Copyright (c) 2012 Claremont Colleges All rights reserved.</copyright>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu</link>
<description>Recent documents in Scholarship @ Claremont</description>
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<lastBuildDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 04:56:43 PDT</lastBuildDate>
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<title>It’s Our Job to Know Stuff’: The Epistemology of CSI</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/73</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2012 23:30:56 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Kathleen Fitzpatrick</author>


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<title>Computer/Fiction: Beyond the Literature of Exhaustion</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/72</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2012 23:30:55 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Kathleen Fitzpatrick</author>


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<title>From The Children to The Marriage Playground and Back Again: Filmic Readings of Edith Wharton</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/71</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2012 23:30:54 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Kathleen Fitzpatrick</author>


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<title>Network: The Other Cold War</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/70</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2012 23:30:53 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Kathleen Fitzpatrick</author>


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<title>The Clockwork Eye: Technology, Woman, and the Decay of the Modern in Thomas Pynchon’s V.</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/69</link>
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<pubDate>Sat, 12 May 2012 23:30:51 PDT</pubDate>
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<author>Kathleen Fitzpatrick</author>


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<title>Protecting the Last Tree: Environmental Education in the United States, 1990-2012</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/24</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/24</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 06:56:35 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Having already been hired as an environmental organizer, I reflect on how my childhood experiences impacted me. I embark upon this vocational journey with youthful optimism, a good dose of realism, and just a touch of cynicism. An environmental organizer is someone who works mobilizing individuals around targeted environmental issues. They create policy changes that are environmentally positive… generally for little pay. What has motivated me, and scores of others, to willingly take on this seemingly impossible task? For me: was it the summer vacations to Yellowstone and The Rocky Mountains with my brothers and parents? Maybe it was being able to explore in “The Woods” behind my elementary school as a child? These questions have been central in my life this semester, as I am involved in two environmental education programs: the K-12 education component of Energy Service Corps (ESC) and the Leadership in Environmental Education Partnership (LEEP). My work within these organizations, which I will elaborate on in greater detail, compels me to contemplate the impact these programs have on children.</p>

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<author>Liza R. Baskir</author>


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<title>G-PLEX PSI</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_mfatheses/58</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 09:24:54 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Monumental metal sculpture that incidentally creates sound. Heaviness and lightness displayed via large, heavy, metal sculptures of abstract geometric forms suspended from the ceiling by seemingly fragile wires that not only appear to defy gravity but provide tonal expression when plucked, hammered, or bowed. Further conversation associated with the micro to the macro is easily revealed when the sounds and shapes are compared to the vibration of life identified with imagined subatomic movement.</p>

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<author>Jacques Louis David</author>


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<title>The Darkness is Passing</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_mfatheses/57</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 09:24:49 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>My work is about the interplay of light, darkness and space. I express illumination of space and penetrating light with abstract painting. I use the white of canvas and thick application of black paint to create frames and to break rules of defined dimensions. Through my paintings, I challenge the perception of space and question the boundaries between two and three dimensions.</p>

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<author>Grace Heeeun Park</author>


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<title>Tutti Frutti</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_mfatheses/56</link>
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<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 09:24:46 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>My reliance on the exhibition space as an activator for art has become a vehicle for addressing the building as the art not the backdrop for the art. If the gallery is white and unpleasant it can be covered like a canvas or a body. Dressing the building, like dressing my body is an extension of my person as mark making is to the painter. Art without true utilitarian function resulting from material desire is analogous to the body and its lack of political power. Why should the objectified body be worse off than the object? I can make the Cartier bracelet, which sits on the wrist, be seen as no different than the (fill-in-the-blank) painting above the couch.</p>

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<author>Damaris G. Rivera</author>


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<title>The God-World Relationship Between Joseph Bracken, Philip Clayton, and the Open Theism</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/43</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/43</guid>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 08:08:50 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>This dissertation investigates the God-world relationship between Joseph Bracken as a process theologian, Philip Clayton as a panentheist, and the open theism. They have affinities and differences as conversational partners in their multilayered relations. Their common question must be as follows: “What does it mean to believe in God today?” In this dissertation I compare their respectively theological perspectives and explore their affinities and differences. Many scholars have already noted more affinities than untenable differences among Bracken’s theology, Clayton’s panentheism, and the open theism. On the one hand, even though theological perspectives of Bracken and Clayton are obviously different from each other, they are both influenced in specific ways by Whitehead. On the other hand, open theism is a movement that emphasizes “the openness of God,” from within evangelical theism. The fact that there is even within classical theism the pursuit of new models of God such as revised classical theism or modified classical theism might suggest the need for contemporary models of God in philosophical theology.</p>
<p>This dissertation will thus explore philosophical theologies that are proper both to the biblical faith and intellectual earnestness, that is, 居敬窮理 (geo (to live) kyeong (piety) kung (to acknowledge) li (reason)) in Eastern philosophy, which means distinctions but not separation between piety and intelligence, and that stand between classical theism and “orthodox” process theism. If there is no consistency among biblical, rational and existential descriptions of God, how can we establish philosophical theologies? Our theological task is to frame a new constructive theology whose primary aspect must synthesize both classical theism and process theology in the hermeneutical circle. For example, this new theism admits an infinitely qualitative difference between God and the world, as well as a really radical relation between God and the world. Aspects and domains do not encroach upon each other.</p>

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<author>Dong-Sik Park</author>


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<title>Wireless Channel Equalization in Digital Communication Systems</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/42</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/42</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 10:28:39 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Our modern society has transformed to an information-demanding system, seeking voice, video, and data in quantities that could not be imagined even a decade ago. The mobility of communicators has added more challenges. One of the new challenges is to conceive highly reliable and fast communication system unaffected by the problems caused in the multipath fading wireless channels. Our quest is to remove one of the obstacles in the way of achieving ultimately fast and reliable wireless digital communication, namely Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), the intensity of which makes the channel noise inconsequential.</p>
<p>The theoretical background for wireless channels modeling and adaptive signal processing are covered in first two chapters of dissertation.</p>
<p>The approach of this thesis is not based on one methodology but several algorithms and configurations that are proposed and examined to fight the ISI problem. There are two main categories of channel equalization techniques, supervised (training) and blind unsupervised (blind) modes. We have studied the application of a new and specially modified neural network requiring very short training period for the proper channel equalization in supervised mode. The promising performance in the graphs for this network is presented in chapter 4.</p>
<p>For blind modes two distinctive methodologies are presented and studied. Chapter 3 covers the concept of multiple "cooperative" algorithms for the cases of two and three cooperative algorithms. The "select absolutely larger equalized signal" and "majority vote" methods have been used in 2-and 3-algoirithm systems respectively. Many of the demonstrated results are encouraging for further research.</p>
<p>Chapter 5 involves the application of general concept of simulated annealing in blind mode equalization. A limited strategy of constant annealing noise is experimented for testing the simple algorithms used in multiple systems. Convergence to local stationary points of the cost function in parameter space is clearly demonstrated and that justifies the use of additional noise. The capability of the adding the random noise to release the algorithm from the local traps is established in several cases.</p>

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<author>Sammuel Jalali</author>


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<title>Developing Teachers&apos; Capacities to Create Caring Relationships with Students: A Case Study of a Gandhi-Inspired Private School in India</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/41</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/41</guid>
<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 10:28:36 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Research indicates that many factors may impede teachers' ability to develop caring relationships with students such as the school environment (Schaps, 2009), lack of cultural understanding (Thompson, 1998), the teacher's beliefs and attitudes about care (Goldstein, 2002), and personal experience of being cared for (Noddings, 1984). Yet, little research exists on how schools can address these and other potential limiting factors in order to help teachers cultivate caring relationships with students. The purpose of this study was to examine how one school in India, which claims to emphasize the importance of the teacher-student relationship, develops and supports teachers' capacities to create caring relationships with students. The hope was that the outcomes might provide insight for policy-makers, school administrators, and teachers about what is needed to best support teachers in their relationships with students.</p>
<p>The research site for this study was a pre-Kindergarten through 12th grade private school in India. The choice of India as a cultural context stemmed from the historical precedence of the importance of the teacher-student relationship. A mixed-methods descriptive case study served as the design for this study. Qualitative methods included interviews of teachers, administrators, and students, classroom and event observations, and document analysis. Quantitative methods included surveys of teachers and students. The qualitative data were analyzed using Noddings' (1984) four methods for teaching care (modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation) with other themes added as needed. Descriptive statistics and factor analyses of both surveys were used to triangulate and expand upon the qualitative data.</p>
<p>Findings indicated that schools can support teachers' capacity to care for students through a strong commitment to the teacher-student relationship, deliberate fostering of relationships between students, teachers, and parents, and through the modeling by and direct receipt of care from administrators. Other factors that may help teachers to care for students include cultural respect for the teaching profession and acknowledgement of care from both students and parents. However, teachers' efforts to care may be impeded by intense testing environments. Recommendations were made for the implementation of resources and support needed by teachers to create caring relationships with students.</p>

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<author>Victoria S. Zakrzewski</author>


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<title>The Effect of Mainstream Media on Body Image and Stress Reactivity in Latina Females</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/23</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/23</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 19:06:38 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>The role of mainstream media in women’s views of female beauty and body image has been well documented. However, few published studies have observed ethnic differences in physiological stress reactivity that may occur from pressures to comply with a particular image of beauty. This study examined whether the exposure to the mainstream ideal body image would negatively affect Latina women’s physiological and psychological functioning, and how their responses differed in comparison to their White counterparts. Participants included college-aged female students from Pitzer College who self-identified as Latina or Caucasian. Participants completed questionnaires assessing, body esteem (MSBRQ-AS; SATAQ; CDFRS), ethnic identity (SEE), state anxiety (STAI-State) and affect (PANAS) prior to and following exposure to Victoria’s Secret or Chrysler automobile commercials. Physiological stress reactivity was assessed through changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as salivary cortisol. 3-way ANOVA tests indicated a significant 2-way interaction between condition and time on participants’ levels of diastolic blood pressure, F(1, 27) = 4.266, MSe = 29.803, p =.049, η2 =.136, as well as ratings of appearance evaluation, F(1,36) = 5.733, MSe = 3.692, p =.022, η2 =.137, and body satisfaction F(1,36) = 4.27, MSe = 4.747, p = .046, η2 =.106. Women who viewed the Victoria’s Secret commercials demonstrated increased levels of diastolic blood pressure and reported lower ratings of body esteem in comparison to women who viewed the Chevy Sonic commercials. Potential trends in anxiety reactivity and the internalization of mainstream female beauty in Latina women following exposure to the stimuli are further discussed.</p>

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<author>Madison L. Noble</author>


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<title>Seeing Stars: Emotional Trauma in Athlete Retirement: Contexts, Intersections, and Explorations</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/40</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/40</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:33 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>Few areas of modern sport are as misunderstood in popular and academic literature as that of retired professional and elite athletes. While the subject has been studied, the case of the retiring athlete has yet to be fully explored in a detailed, qualitative, and interdisciplinary study focusing on nuanced contexts affecting the quality of an athlete's exit from sport. Utilizing 3 participant groups--29 elite athletes (16 sports, 18 males, 11 females), 9 professional sport administrators, and 8 sport media journalists--over an 18-month period, extensive semi-structured interviews resulted in 1,436 raw data themes that constituted 13 direct, 3 indirect, and 3 emerging philosophical contexts. Significant direct contexts emerged including health, social support/influence, and preretirement counseling. Unexplored indirect contexts include athlete's relationship with media narratives, corporate sport structures, and consumers. Emerging philosophical contexts included issues of fear, mortality, bodily awareness, and shifting identities. Positive ideology, appreciation, and predisposed conditions such as having realistic perspective, and a knowledge of self were noted. Participant group responses and all 19 contexts were noted for their interdependency. Hypotheses included that socially-constructed and cultural ideas exist about retired athletes and are embedded in perceptions of fame and fortune associated with the role of professional athlete. Results indicated that considerations of micro and macro social processes of athlete commodification (especially immediacy in production/consumption by the corporate sport and media/fan nexus) contributed to the quality of their transition. Cultural narratives and mythologies about athletes-as-heroes--including ways in which the athletes themselves internalize these popular ideas--produce a system in which elite athletes are often unprepared for life after sport. Analysis of the data suggested that role residue and mortality themes were present. A longitudinal portion confirmed the significant affecting contexts and corroborated self-identity factors. However, identity-as-project was aligned with extended transitions and eventual return to emotional satisfaction. Suggestions for reconsideration of retired elite athlete's sociocultural and economic roles were included as ambiguity in responsibility remained prevalent. Significant contributions of the study include application of data that offers behavioral, social, and cultural scientist insight to the transcendent challenges that constitute fluid and emerging human conditions when individuals move from one life condition to another. Additional contributions suggest social costs for disposing of transitioning athletes.</p>

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<author>Scott P. Tinley</author>


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<title>Technology Use in Higher Education Instruction</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/39</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/39</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:31 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>The significance of integrating technology use in higher education instruction is undeniable. The benefits include those related to access to instruction by underserved populations, adequately preparing students for future careers, capitalizing on best instructional practices, developing higher order thinking activities, and engaging students whose relationships with technology are increasingly native, among others. The significance of the current study is based on the fact that few prior studies focused on the factors that support, or inhibit, the use of educational technology by faculty in schools of education. The data collection instrument was a survey designed by the principal investigator based on review of the literature and professional experience. Five constructs were addressed by the survey: institutional policies, belief in the learning benefits, efficacy with integrating technology with content, barriers to technology use, and personal uses of technology. The survey was administered online and targeted 379 full and part time faculty in schools of education throughout the U.S. A total of 203 faculty members responded which was a response rate of 53%. Several path analyses were conducted to determine the variables that most related with the dependent variable, rate of technology adoption for professional instructional purposes. The variable that had the strongest relationship with the adoption rate for professional use was the adoption rate for personal use. This held true for all subgroups except part-time and older faculty. Suggestions for future research include the use of additional data sources to measure the variables described here. Study of the role of institutional policies in technology adoption should consider administrator perspectives in addition to those of faculty. Study of learning benefits should consider students' views in addition to those of faculty. Finally, efficacy variables should consider perspectives of college leaders and administrators.</p>

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<author>Sammy Elzarka</author>


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<title>Timelessly Present, Compassionately Impassible: A Defense of Two Classical Divine Attributes</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/38</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/38</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:30 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>This study articulates a God-concept in the tradition of classical Christian theism, contending with calls to modify significantly or revise classical constructions. Attention falls upon two closely related divine attributes that have, especially in recent decades, come under philosophical and theological attack – God’s timelessness and impassibility (inability to suffer). Is the “classical” Lord truly Immanuel, i.e. with us? This general question motivates the study.</p>
<p>The opening three chapters analyze aspects of the God-concepts put forth by Augustine, Aquinas, and Calvin. Apparent tensions between a timeless transcendence and an affirming union of the Trinity with creation are countenanced, with an eye to doing justice to both doctrines. Chapter One examines the idea of divine timelessness and corresponding thoughts about temporal reality found in the <em>Confessions</em>, supplementing Augustinian transcendence with the creational and eschatological insights of two other Church Fathers. Chapter Two documents Aquinas’s affirmation of both God’s strong immutability and the non-necessity of creation, while questioning whether he affirms these in a logically consistent way. Chapter Three then follows the contours of Calvin’s Trinitarianism and Christology, reflecting on the Triune Creator’s gracious “wedding” of himself to the whole work of creation.</p>
<p>The final three chapters operate within the fields of philosophy and philosophical theology. Chapter Four commends a tenseless (or <em>B</em>) theory of time, highlighting several problems surrounding tensed (or <em>A</em>) theories of time. But this former view implies that there is no “official present,” leaving no apparent room for the presence of the timeless God with times and temporally located agents. Thus Chapter Five seeks to address classical eternalism’s “present problem.” The conclusion is reached that the temporally absent God’s “present problem” can be resolved by embracing a “risk-free” understanding of divine providence, best understood in terms of a “Reformed decree” that strongly actualizes all non-divine entities and events. Chapter Six begins by wrestling with what implications the timelessness doctrine might have for “responsive” divine compassion and ends by proposing that the infinite God “embraces” the finite world not by way of a panentheistic inclusion but in some ways more akin to a husband’s attentive care for his wife.</p>

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<author>Philip R. Olsson</author>


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<title>Family Support Factors in African American Families That Promote Academic Achievement for Male Middle-School Students</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/37</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/37</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:28 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>One of the most consistently reported challenges in the education literature is the underachievement of African American males at all levels of the education pipeline - from elementary and secondary schools through to postsecondary education. African American boys are falling behind and they are falling behind early. This research focuses on resources within the home environment that are available to support the educational achievement of African American boys. There are a number of mechanisms through which parental involvement in the home and at school may promote academic success that are being examined: parental involvement in school activities, expectations that parents share with their sons and for which they hold them accountable, and parental trust and support for both their sons and their sons' schools.</p>
<p>This research sampled families of African American boys in the eighth grade attending Middle Schools in the North Long Beach area of Southern California. It employed a mixed methods approach in using both questionnaires and surveys for collecting data. Thirty two parents were selected at random and completed questionnaires about attitudes and behaviors related to the home environment that impact their sons' educations. An additional group of randomly selected parents were personally interviewed to gain more in-depth responses.</p>
<p>The sample was then divided into two groups according to the STAR Math scores attained by eighth grade boys in the families responding. This measure was used as an indicator of academic success because the STAR test score determines the Math class level for children in the local school district - with those scoring above 325 advancing to Geometry and those scoring below 325 taking lower level classes. The results of the questionnaires and interviews indicate an overall relationship in both groups showing trust and high expectations as being very important in fostering academic success in African American boys in the eighth grade. The consistency of positive home structural factors contributed to the academic success of boys in the families studied in spite of negative factors such as economic deprivation, parental unemployment, previous parental incarceration and lack of transportation.</p>

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<author>Osie Leon Wood Jr.</author>


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<title>How One Writes, Makes, Markets a Movie and How an Audience Reads the Movie: Two Biographical Films of Hitler as a Case Study</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/36</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/36</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:27 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>According to John Lukacs, German people's views on Hitler and Nazism once got examined right after the fall the Third Reich in the 1950s but this subject has lost its appeal since then. How do Germans nowadays, specifically those young ones raised in the "New Germany" after the fall of the Berlin Wall, think of Hitler and their country's Nazi legacy? This dissertation is to explore how six young Germans growing up in the new "unified Germany" interpret two films' representations of Hitler and Nazism.</p>

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<author>Nick (Chi-Shu) J. Yeh</author>


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<title>Mortgage Default in Southern California: Examining Distressed Borrower&apos;s Decision Making and Market Contagion</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/35</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/35</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:25 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>This dissertation focuses on mortgage defaults in Southern California during the housing bubble of the 2000s. The rapid decline in the housing market that precipitated the current recession has been accompanied by an unprecedented number of loan defaults and foreclosures. Recent studies have identified two major theories of default--the "double trigger" hypothesis, where negative equity and an income shock are necessary conditions for default--and "strategic default" where negative equity is a sufficient condition for default. This paper adds to the default literature by adding short sale as another possible outcome of mortgage default.</p>
<p>The primary goal is to analyze the determinants of mortgage default to assist in understanding the conditions under which strategic behavior of home sales is most likely to occur. Data from Los Angeles County was analyzed from 2007 to 2010 for every closed sale, then coded into three possible sales outcomes: 1) Organic 2) Short Sale 3) Real Estate Owned (REO). A multinomial probit model was used to model homeowner decision-making based on the sale outcome. The model rejected the "double trigger" hypothesis, as it was found that income shocks do no have a significant effect on impacting the predicted probability for distressed sales. Education levels, the sales price of homes, credit card debt, and market price reductions were found to be significant variables in determining distressed sales outcomes, thereby confirming the strategic default hypothesis.</p>
<p>The next section studied spatial association of short sales and REO to see if any contagion effects were present. It was found that both short sales and REO form into clusters of hot and cold spots. Social stigma is believed to impact consumer behavior, the theory was confirmed through the findings of contagion and spatial lag. The final section constructed a hedonic price model to capture the price effects that distressed sales have on neighborhood pricing. Foreclosures were found to have three times the negative impact on neighborhood pricing compared to short sales.</p>

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<author>Michael Wilkerson</author>


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<title>On the Economic Effects of Policy Responsiveness: The Role of Candidate Selection for General Elections</title>
<link>http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/34</link>
<guid isPermaLink="true">http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/34</guid>
<pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 16:42:24 PDT</pubDate>
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	<p>development: Institutions that make governments more inclusive favor economic progress and factors that make governments more exclusive inhibit prosperity. Growth-enhancing policies likely to please the citizenry include policies that ensure the prevalence of the rule of law, policies that protect property and intellectual rights, and policies that foster competition, access and the perfection of markets. In contrast, growth-retarding policies likely to initiate from the representation efforts of politicians advancing narrow concerns include infringement on property rights, diffuse patent legislation, regulation to rise some price or wage, regulation blocking the entry into specific markets, official protection to monopolistic markets and adoption of legal barriers against international competition.</p>
<p>If policy responsiveness to the interests of the whole favors economic affluence, what political institutions matter for the advancement of wide-encompassing interests through the policy making process? This dissertation examines the idea that the incentives provided by the intra-party candidate selection methods are crucial in order to understand the politicians' representation efforts. Expressly, increasing participation and democratization of the intra-party nomination process increase the incumbent's propensity to represent wide-encompassing interests and adopt policies that favor economic affluence. In contrast, elite-centered nomination methods decrease the incumbent's incentive to be politically responsive to the interests of the whole in favor of the representation of narrow concerns that often demand policies that benefit the group at the expense of overall economic growth.</p>
<p>Empirically, the idea that aspirants to party tickets must first respond to the demands of those with the power to add their names to the electoral ballot finds robust support. In the developed world, candidate nomination appears largely informed by inclusive and democratic practices. Quite the opposite, in the less-developed world events of intraparty participatory politics are for the most part absent, with nomination decisions often monopolized by national party leaders and local party bosses.</p>

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<author>Marco Alejandro Perez-Mares</author>


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