Graduation Year

2024

Document Type

Campus Only Senior Thesis

Department

Biology

Reader 1

Aditi Vyas

Reader 2

Brian Duistermars

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Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by cognitive and psychological impairment resulting in inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviors. When left undiagnosed and untreated, this disorder contributes to major consequences in daily functioning, cognitive ability, and mental wellbeing. Though the exact cause remains unknown, the onset of ADHD is thought to be heavily influenced by abnormalities in dopamine signaling, including region-specific increases and decreases of dopaminergic neurotransmission within the brain. Historically, ADHD clinical research has focused on male physiology since higher diagnostic rates persist within male populations. However, sex specific differences in symptom presentation and biased approaches toward diagnostic testing methods pose concerns of underdiagnosis and undertreatment amongst female populations. Such differences in symptomology include the association of internalizing ADHD symptoms, including depression and anxiety, with females while males typically exhibit more externalizing behaviors, such as hyperactivity and impulsivity. A potential explanation for differential symptom presentation of females with ADHD may be due to hormonal impacts on dopamine signaling, observed by an excitatory role of estrogen and inhibitory effects of progesterone. Evidence suggests that these hormonal impacts on dopamine signaling also influence stimulant medication efficacy, though further research is warranted to delineate potential effects on non-stimulant treatment options. This review serves as a gendered analysis of ADHD diagnosis, symptomology, and treatment efficacy with the intent to inform and improve current practices involving the health and wellness of females with ADHD.

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